KATHMANDU — Bhutan, the Himalayan kingdom that brought the world the concept of gross national happiness, is set to build a "mindfulness city" and will launch a US$100 million (S$132.6 million) bond issue on Nov 11 to help start the project.

The Gelephu Mindfulness City (GMC) will lie in a special administrative region with separate rules and laws that will aim to be an economic corridor linking South Asia to South-east Asia, officials said.

The city will promote walking and cycling to reduce emissions, green spaces for meditation and relaxation, mindfulness-based education, public community activities, healthcare and wellness centres, and eco-tourism, they said.

GMC will be spread over an area of more than 2,500 sq km on the border with giant neighbour India and offer space to businesses in finance, tourism, green energy, technology, healthcare, agriculture, aviation, logistics, education and spirituality.

The 10-year GMC Nation Building Bond that opens on Nov 11 will be available for subscription by non-resident Bhutanese until Dec 17, according to the GMC website. The funds raised will be used to build initial infrastructure, for green energy and connectivity, among others, it says.

"This ambitious project will redefine the nation's economic landscape... paving the way for a prosperous and resilient Bhutan," said Dr Lotay Tshering, GMC's governor and a former prime minister of the country.

The goal is to attract investment, develop skills and create jobs in the Buddhist-majority country known for its Gross National Happiness index — an economic gauge that counts factors ignored by gross domestic product measures, such as recreation, emotional well-being and the environment.

A country of fewer than 800,000 people that is wedged between Asian giants India and China, Bhutan has been struggling to boost its US$3 billion economy that is heavily reliant on aid, hydropower and tourism, and was badly hit by Covid-19 restrictions.

Employment woes, with youth unemployment touching nearly 30 per cent in 2022, triggered an exodus of young people seeking opportunities abroad, with thousands moving to Australia alone.

Decades-long project

GMC will be built in phases and is expected to be completed in 21 years, officials said, with private partners investing in roads, bridges, an airport, houses, schools, hospitals and businesses.

The authorities expect about 150,000 people to live there in the first seven to 10 years, and more than one million when it is complete.

The brainchild of King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, GMC was proposed in 2023 as a city that would encompass "conscious and sustainable businesses, inspired by Buddhist spiritual heritage" and anchored on the values of GNH.

"Mindfulness is at the core of our values-based city and aligns with the ethos and identity of our nation," said Rabsel Dorji, a senior GMC official.

The GMC website says the project is based on Bhutan's Buddhist heritage and culture, its emphasis on happiness, well-being and mindfulness, and also incorporates eco-friendly architecture in what is the world's first carbon-negative country — one that absorbs more carbon than it produces.

India, Bhutan's biggest economic and trade partner as well as donor, is supportive of the project and would extend its roads and railway network to the border to connect GMC, officials said.

GMC is a "smart move" but connectivity could pose a serious challenge to landlocked Bhutan, said Surya Raj Acharya, an infrastructure and urban planning expert in neighbouring Nepal.

"Developing the city as a competitive production hub also depends on connectivity to global logistics," Acharya said, adding that access to ports will depend on Indian infrastructure.

"It should also be attractive to international investors. These are factors not under Bhutan's control," he said. 

Source: Reuters