Butchered animal bones indicate earliest human presence in southern South America

BUENOS AIRES — Fossil bones found in Argentina of a large armadillo relative with cut marks suggestive of butchering indicate humans were present in southern South America some 21,000 years ago, according to researchers, earlier than previously thought.

The bones were from a large armoured plant-eating mammal named Neosclerocalyptus, part of a group called glyptodonts that inhabited the Americas for more than 30 million years before going extinct at the end of the Ice Age about 10,000 years ago.

The researchers said the cut marks on the bones appear to have been made by people using stone tools. That represents strong evidence for the presence of our species, Homo sapiens, though no human fossils were found at the site, they added.

Glyptodonts are related to modern-day armadillos, though much larger — some species as big as a small car. They had a large, bony carapace that covered much of the body — resembling a turtle shell — as well as armour atop the head, a large and strongly built tail and short limbs.

Neosclerocalyptus was one of the smaller species. The individual in this study was about 6 feet long (180 cm) and roughly 660 pounds (300 kilogrammes).

The marks on the bones were found on the pelvis, tail and body armour.

"The placement of these cut marks is consistent with a butchering sequence that targets areas of dense flesh, that is, the cut marks were not randomly distributed but focused on those skeletal elements that harboured large muscle packs like the pelvis and the tail.

This is a typical pattern observed during a butchering process," said anthropologist Miguel Delgado of National University of La Plata, senior author of the study published on Wednesday in the journal PLOS ONE.

The shapes of the cut marks are consistent with those created using types of stone tools called flakes and hammerstones, Delgado added.

Anthropologist and study lead author Mariano del Papa of National University of La Plata said that "the only ones capable of making them (these marks) were humans."

The timeline for the peopling of the Americas has been a matter of debate, with some recent discoveries indicating humans had arrived much earlier than previously thought. The role of people in the extinction of many large mammals in the Americas also has been a subject of controversy. The Neosclerocalyptus fossils are among the oldest evidence of human interaction with these large Ice Age animals.

The new findings represent the oldest evidence of both the presence of Homo sapiens and human interaction with large animals in southern South America during the height of the last Ice Age, a time known as the Last Glacial Maximum, and one of the oldest in all of South America, the researchers said.

"Until recently, the traditional model suggested that modern humans (Homo sapiens) entered the Americas 16,000 years ago, so most of the archaeological evidence was framed during that period. Since a few years ago, new evidence has been found indicating an earlier human presence," Delgado said.

"Currently, we know that in South America reliable evidence was recovered in Brazil from 23,000 years ago, but it's worth noting that contemporaneous sites were found in North America with material dated between 21,000 and 23,000 years ago, and even earlier sites were also found in Central America dated between 26,000 and 19,000 years ago," Delgado added.

The Neosclerocalyptus fossils were unearthed in 2015 from the banks of the Reconquista River near the town of Merlo in the Buenos Aires metropolitan area, dating to the Pleistocene epoch. A method called radiocarbon dating determined that the fossils were about 21,000 years old.

National University of La Plata paleontologist and study co-author Martin de Los Reyes said, "This would be the first evidence of humans in Argentina and the Southern Cone of South America."

"We are shifting the traditional paradigm that speaks of a specific moment of human arrival in the Americas," Delgado added.

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