What is a National Monument? Who gazettes them? How many national monuments are there in Singapore?

To date, the Preservation of Sites and Monuments, a division of National Heritage Board, has identified and gazetted 75 buildings, structures and sites of national significance as an integral part of Singapore’s built heritage.

You've probably passed by or stepped into more than a few of them without realising they were National Monuments: Al-Abrar Mosque, Asian Civilisations Museum, the Civilian War Memorial, Saint Andrew's Cathedral, the Esplanade Park Memorials, Fort Siloso on Sentosa — no need to plan an itinerary for friends visiting from overseas; just show them this article.

In this edition, we spotlight the first office building in Southeast Asia to be completely air-conditioned, MacDonald House.

Location

MacDonald House was the 50th building to be gazetted as a National Monument.

Located near other National Monuments such as The Cathay, House of Tan Yeok Nee and the National Museum of Singapore, the MRT stations nearest to the MacDonald House are Dhoby Ghaut and Bencoolen.

Significant dates

Date built:

• 1948-1949: MacDonald House was constructed

Milestones:

• Nov 22, 1947: The foundation stone of the building was laid
• July 4, 1949: The new branch office of HongKong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC) opened for business at MacDonald House
• March 10, 1965: During the Indonesia-Malaysia Konfrontasi, a planted bomb exploded at MacDonald House, killing three civilians and injuring several others
• August 2003: HSBC sold MacDonald House to an Indonesian investor
• 2003-2005: The building underwent extensive interior renovations
• June 23, 2005: Citibank opened its flagship branch at the building, occupying four floors

Date gazetted: Feb 10, 2003

History

MacDonald House was named after Malcolm John MacDonald, who was Governor-General of Malaya and, later, Commissioner-General of Southeast Asia.

Constructed between 1948 and 1949 for the new branch office of Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC), the 10-storey building had a revolutionary air-conditioning system that not only cooled the entire building but also allowed individual temperature control in every room — a first at that time and in Southeast Asia.

Its design and construction paved the road towards complete air-conditioning of new buildings in Singapore.

When it was completed, MacDonald House was one of the tallest buildings in Singapore and a prominent landmark on Orchard Road, which was then lined with shophouses.

In addition to HSBC’s branch office, there were also commercial office spaces on the building’s upper floors and private apartments on its highest levels.

Between 1963 and 1966, Indonesia launched a series of guerrilla attacks in Malaysian states to express its opposition to the formation of Malaysia.

At the beginning, the Indonesian Konfrontasi consisted of only sabotages and raids in Sabah and Sarawak. By 1964, however, Indonesia began infiltrating Singapore and the Malaysian peninsula.

Despite the heightened security, Indonesian saboteurs still succeeded in planting bombs in Singapore.

On March 10, 1965, at the height of the Indonesian Konfrontasi, a bomb exploded near the lift at the mezzanine floor in MacDonald House, killing three innocent civilians and injuring dozens.

The saboteurs were captured in Singapore and convicted of murder, before being hanged in Changi Prison.

Design and architecture

Designed by Reginald Eyre of the architectural firm Palmer & Turner, the building is an example of utilitarian, Modernist architecture with eclectic features.

With a skeleton work of reinforced concrete, the Modernist structure shows a preference for straight lines and perpendicular edges, and lacks the impressive caps and ornate bases typical of more traditional architecture.

Green glazed Chinese tiles were used to lay the building’s flat roof. Two tall marble columns, carved and polished in Singapore by skilled Indian craftsmen, stand on either side of the entrance.

The iconic red facade with white window frames is a characteristic of Neo-Georgian architecture, which was popularised in the mid-20th century.

A total of 279,000 special sand-faced bricks (a face brick shaped in a mould that has been sprinkled with sand to prevent the clay from sticking to the mould) from the local Alexandra Brickworks were used to finish the building’s exterior walls.

While HSBC is no longer housed in MacDonald House, some elements continue to serve as reminders of its occupancy.

On the front facade is a large plaque embossed with the bank’s logo, which comprises the United Kingdom’s royal coat of arms above an image of three men and two Chinese junks.

Two projecting balconies flank the logo, each bearing a HSBC monogram.

Another interesting feature is the old night safe just beside the main entrance. In the past, clients could make deposits via the night safe even after the bank’s opening hours.

Opening hours

Regular visiting hours are from 9am-5pm on the weekdays, and closed on the weekends.

Admission

Entry is limited to only employees at the various companies located within the building.

ALSO READ: National monuments of Singapore: Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall

This article was first published in Wonderwall.sg.