Covid-19 pills are coming, but no substitute for vaccines, disease experts say

CHICAGO - Oral antiviral pills from Merck & Co and Pfizer Inc/BioNTech SE have been shown to significantly blunt the worst outcomes of Covid-19 if taken early enough, but doctors warn vaccine-hesitant people not to confuse the benefit of the treatments with prevention afforded by vaccines.

While 72 per cent of American adults have gotten a first shot of the vaccine, according to a Kaiser Family Foundation poll, the pace of vaccination has slowed, as political partisanship in the United States divides views on the value and safety of vaccines against the coronavirus.

Vaccine mandates by employers, states and the administration of US President Joe Biden have helped increase vaccinations but also fueled that controversy.

Some disease experts fear the arrival of oral Covid-19 treatments may further impede vaccination campaigns.

Preliminary results of a survey of 3,000 US citizens by the City University of New York (CUNY) School of Public Health suggest the drugs could "hamper the effort to get people vaccinated," said Scott Ratzan, an expert in health communication at CUNY, who led the research.

Ratzan said one out of every eight of those surveyed said they would rather get treated with a pill than to be vaccinated. "That is a high number," Ratzan said.

The concern follows news on Friday (Nov 5) from Pfizer, maker of a leading Covid-19 vaccine, that its experimental antiviral pill Paxlovid cut the risk of hospitalisation and death from the disease by 89 per cent in high-risk adults.

Pfizer's results followed news from Merck and partner Ridgeback Biotherapeutics on Oct 1 that their oral antiviral drug cut hospitalisation and death by half. That drug, known as molnupiravir, won conditional approval in the UK on Thursday.

Both need clearance from US health regulators but could be on the market in December.

"By relying exclusively on an antiviral drug, it's a bit of a roll of the dice in terms of how you will do. Clearly, it's going to be better than nothing, but it's a high-stakes game to play," said Dr Peter Hotez, a vaccine expert and professor of molecular virology and microbiology at Baylor College of Medicine.

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Six infectious disease experts interviewed by Reuters were equally enthusiastic about the prospect of effective new treatments for Covid-19 and agreed they were no substitute for vaccines.

Even in the face of the highly transmissible Delta variant of the virus, the vaccines from Pfizer/BioNTech remain effective, cutting the risk of hospitalisation by a combined 86.8 per cent, according to a government study of US veterans.

They said some unvaccinated people have already relied on monoclonal antibodies - drugs that need to be delivered through intravenous IV infusions or injections - as a backstop in case they become infected.

"I think the Pfizer news is terrific news. It goes hand in hand with vaccination. It doesn't replace it," said Dr Leana Wen, an emergency physician and public health professor at George Washington University and Baltimore's former health commissioner.

Choosing not to get vaccinated "would be a tragic mistake," said Albert Bourla, chief executive officer of Pfizer Inc.

"These are treatments. This is for the unfortunate who will get sick," Bourla told Reuters in an interview on Friday. "This should not be a reason not to protect yourself and to put yourself, your household and society in danger."

Antiviral challenges 

One main reason not to rely on the new pills, the experts said, is that antiviral medications, which stop the virus from replicating in the body, must be given in a narrow window early in the disease because Covid-19 has different phases.

In the first phase, the virus rapidly replicates in the body. A lot of the worst effects of Covid-19, however, occur in the second phase, arising from a defective immune response that gets triggered by the replicating virus, said Dr Celine Gounder, an infectious disease expert and the CEO and founder of Just Human Productions, a non-profit multimedia organisation.

"Once you develop shortness of breath or other symptoms that would lead you to be hospitalised, you are in that dysfunctional immune phase where the antivirals are really not going to provide much benefit," she said.

Hotez agreed. He said getting treated early enough could be challenging because of the window when the virus transitions from the replication phase to the inflammatory phase is fluid.

"For some people, that will happen earlier; for some, later," Hotez said.

Hotez said many people in the early phase of the illness feel surprisingly well and may be unaware that their oxygen levels are dropping, one of the first signs that the inflammatory phase of the disease has started.

"Oftentimes, you're not going to realise that you're getting sick until it's too late," he said.